Co-published by Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery Polish Academy of Sciences Committee on Thermodynamics and Combustion Polish Academy of Sciences Copyright©2026 by the Authors under licence CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 http://www.imp.gda.pl/archives-of-thermodynamics/ Vol. 47(2026), No. 1, 1‒24; doi: Cite this manuscript as: Abstract Please use normal Times Roman Font pt. 10. The abstract should include: problem formulation, concepts, actions taken, results obtained, significance/state of the art contribution. Abbreviations and formulas should not be used in the abstract. The abstract should not exceed 250 words. Keywords: Type your keywords here (up to 5 keywords) separated with semicolons Manuscript title First Author Name Surnamea, Second Author Name Surnameb*(to be supplemented after evaluation) aFirst Author affiliation, Address, City and Postcode, Country (to be supplemented after evaluation) bSecond Author affiliation, Address, City and Postcode, Country (to be supplemented after evaluation) *Corresponding author email: please provide here an e-mail (to be supplemented after evaluation) Received: date here; revised: date here; accepted: date here

1. Introduction

The Introduction section shall include the motivation and scope of the research, a literature review including recent scientific articles (last 5 years) covering the topic and leading to a hypothesis based on a gap analysis of previously published research papers.

Introduction should contain the information about actual state of art. It is required to make a literature survey with at least 20 recent journal papers whose topic is close to the one planned to be published. At the end of introduction it is needed to present a literature gap found, and to explain how the paper research will fill it. Also, it is needed to specify the research objectives and major novelties. When citing the references please use a correct format of the journal, i.e. [1]. Do not lump references, i.e. [1‒8]; please explain the contribution of each paper by 1‒2 sentences description.

Nomenclature

g	‒ gravitational acceleration, m2/s

Pr	‒ Prandtl number

p	‒ pressure, kPa

Re	– Reynolds number,

T	– temperature, K

t	‒ time, s

Greek symbols

– dynamic viscosity, Pas

ρ	– density, kg/m3

Subscripts and Superscripts

a	– air

n	– time step number

Abbreviations and Acronyms

FEM – Finite Element Method

Nomenclature section should be placed at the top of page 2 and should be divided into: Roman symbols, Greek symbols, Subscripts and superscripts, Abbreviations (Acronyms). A nomenclature list should be arranged alphabetically. For all the symbols placed in the manuscript body please use Italic Font. Only non-dimensional similarity numbers as well as abbreviations should be written using normal font.

Fig. 1. Full width figure example. 2. Materials and methods

Please describe the methods that are used to solve the research problem. The methods used should be general, allowing one to solve a similar class of problems.

It is needed to describe in detail the procedures used during scientific research (experimental procedures, computational procedures). It is also needed to explain why the above procedures are used and whether they are reliable (explain why the proposed procedure is correct for the class of problems).

In the case of experimental work, it is necessary to specify the accuracy of the measurement.

3. Results and Discussion

Demonstrate the results that prove the research hypothesis of the paper.

Table 1. Single column table example.
It should be shown that the results are reliable (e.g., by comparing numerical calculations with experimental data). It is needed to discuss the results, not only to present graphs and tables. Each table and figure should be discussed and referred to in the manuscript, see Table 1 and Fig. 1. Please ensure the high quality of the visualization. The drawings should be in good resolution not lower than 300 dpi. It is forbidden to re-use figures from other papers.

4. Organization of the manuscript body

Use this template to prepare the manuscript. Manuscript text shall be written using Times New Roman font 10 pt. The variables should be written using italic fonts, only non-dimensional similarity numbers (Re, Nu, Pr, etc.) using normal fonts. Captions for Figures and Tables should be written using Times New Roman font 8 pt. The section title should be written using bold Segoe UI font 11 pt. The subsection title should be written using normal Segoe UI font 10 pt.

The manuscripts should normally not exceed 50 000 characters (original papers) or 100 000 characters (review papers).

4.1. Abbreviations and Acronyms

Do not use abbreviations and acronyms in the titles and headings. Do not use them in Abstract as well. When using for the first time in the text give an explanation of the abbreviation or acronym, from then it is recommended to always use the short term, e.g. finite element method (FEM), and then in the text use FEM all the time. If there are a lot of abbreviations in the text, put them in the nomenclature (“List of Abbreviations”). Please avoid using too many abbreviations, because it makes the text unreadable.

4.2. Figures and tables

Figures should be as small as possible while presenting all the information clearly. Figures should be placed in the manuscript body in a single column format or in a double column format, see Fig. 1 and 2. Figures should be provided in high resolution at least 300 dpi. They should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals and placed in the order in which they are referred to in the text. Each figure should be referred to in the text. The figure caption should be left justified below figure. Figures are allowed to be presented in colour.

Tables can be placed in one column or two columns, see Table 1 and 2. The template made here should be used. Tables must also be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals and placed in the order in which they are referred to in the text. Each table should be referred to in the text. Figures and tables together with their captions should be placed in the provided macros.

Leave 8 pt. space between the figures, tables, captions and main body. The same applies to tables and equations. All figures, tables (and also equations) should be numbered.

4.3. Equations

Please use the Microsoft Word editor for placing the equations. The font size should be 10 pt.

.	(1)

The symbols used in equations should be explained both after the equation and in Nomenclature. Refer to equation in text as “Eq. (1)”, etc., not “(1),” or “equation (1),” except at the beginning of a sentence as Equation (1). Italic fonts should be used for variables in equations and in the text. However, upright Roman font (or upright Greek) should be used for: operators, constants, special functions and physical units. Bold italic fonts should be used for vectors and bold upright fonts for tensors and matrices. The center dot symbol should not be used, except to denote a scalar product of vectors. Large numbers should not include commas, but have the form 5 400 or 54 000 or 5 450 000. A zero should be used before the decimal point: "0.75", not ".75".

Use one-column format for extensive formulas as below, see Eq. (2):

4.4. Units

Authors are encouraged to use the SI system of units.

Table 2. Full width table example.
Fig. 2. Full width figure example.	.	(2)

5. Major reasons of desk rejections

The paper is out of the journal scope.

The manuscript is not prepared according to the journal template.

The English writing quality of the paper is poor.

The manuscript is not well-written and is missing critical items: abstract, method, conclusions.

Lack of novelty.

Lack of state-of-the-art review and analysis.

Lack of a conceptual overview and scientific hypothesis at the beginning of the methodological sections.

Lack of clear (reasoned) statement of the significance of the presented work in the Conclusions section – linked to the state-of-the-art claim at the end of the Introduction.

Low quality of any of the sections.

6. Conclusions

Make sure that the Conclusions section emphasizes the scientific added value of your article and/or the applicability of your results to future research works.

Please do not insert references, tables, or figures in the Conclusions section. Point out here the major findings of the paper. Emphasize the contribution of the research presented in the article to the development of the scientific discipline.

Acknowledgements

The acknowledgements should be placed after the Conclusions section. When the research received funding, the following information should be provided in the acknowledgements: Funding Institution, Grant Number.

Sample acknowledgement:

The research was supported by the European Commission and is a part of the HORIZON 2020 project RESHeat. This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 program in the field of research and innovation on the basis of grant agreement No. 956255.

References

The references should be placed after the Acknowledgement section. The font size for reference citations is 9. The references should be listed and cited in the manuscript body by numbers: [1], [2,3], etc. All listed references must be cited in the article, and vice versa. The references should be numbered in the order they appear in the text. Please use the 7th ed. APA style of reference citation.

Journal citation:

[1]	Król, J., & Ocłoń, P. (2019). Sensitivity analysis of hybrid combined heat and power plant on fuel and CO2 emission allowances price change. Energy Conversion and Management, 196, 127–148. doi: 10.1016/j.enconman. 2019.05.090

[2]	Zhou, Y., Bi, H., & Wang, H. (2023). Influence of the primary components of the high-speed train on fire heat release rate. Archives of Thermodynamics, 44(1), 37–61. doi: 10.24425/ather. 2023.145876

Do not leave space between the cited items. When citing scientific papers it is needed to provide a DOI identifier if available.

Example of citation:

Król and Ocłoń [1] studied a hybrid CHP sensitivity on fuel and CO2 emission allowances price change. Zhou et al. [2] studied the influence of the primary components of the high speed train on the fire heat release rate.

Book citation:

[3]	Ocłoń, P. (2021). Renewable energy utilization using underground energy systems (1st ed.). Springer Nature.

Example of citation:

Ocłoń [3] presented renewable energy systems for heating cooling and electrical energy production in buildings.

Book chapter citation:

[4]	Ciałkowski, M., & Frąckowiak, A. (2014). Boundary element method in inverse heat conduction problem. In Encyclopedia of Thermal Stresses (pp. 424–433). Springer Netherlands.

Example of citation:

Ciałkowski and Frąckowiak [4] presented a boundary element method application for solving inverse heat conduction problems.

Conference proceedings:

[5]	Pourghasemi, B., & Fathi, N. (2023). Validation and verification analyses of turbulent forced convection of Na and NaK in miniature heat sinks. ASME 2023 Verification, Validation, and Uncertainty Quantification Symposium, 17-19 May, Baltimore, USA.

Example of citation:

Pourghasemi and Fathi [5] validated and verified turbulent forced convection of Na and NaK in miniature heat sinks.

World Wide Web:

[6]	Carry, J. (2019). Rheological analysis of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary. wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ese3.647 [accessed 22 Feb. 2023].

Standards/Patents:

[7]	Rebecca, E.E. (1987). Alternating current fed power supply, U.S. Patent 7 897 777, Nov. 3.